Our study published in the Yearbook 2022 of the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL) “Poikkeuksellinen nuoruus korona-aikaan: Nuorten elinolot -vuosikirja 2022”
In 2021, about one year after the outbreak of COVID-19, our project group started to explore how young people had experienced distance learning during the first year of the pandemic in Finland. In our project group we are interested in such factors as well-being, mental health and loneliness amongst adolescents and young people.
The purpose of the study was to explore young people’s experiences of distance learning, study motivation and their support needs during the COVID-19 pandemic. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews with 23 young people between the ages of 19 and 27 and analyzed with content analysis according to Graneheim and Lundman (2004).
Young people’s lives and studies have been fundamentally affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, which has caused isolation and changed the psychosocial environment (WHO, 2020) as a result of the transfer of teaching from a traditional college or university environment to digital platforms and distance learning from home (THL, 2021). According to the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, nearly half of higher education students feel that their study load has increased during the pandemic, something that has been particularly pointed out by young women, and as many as 70% indicate that their studies have been made more difficult (THL, 2021). Research has also revealed positive aspects of distance learning, which, for example, can reduce stress in everyday life and enable self-paced learning (Velichová et al., 2020), and that homeschooling can reduce anxiety symptoms among students because of reduced social pressure and academic stressors (Bruining et al., 2021). Owing to the pandemic, young people have not been able to go to campus for shorter or longer periods of time, and many have had to switch to distance learning online or periodically received no teaching at all. Researchers have previously alternately used the terms remote learning (From et al., 2020), and distance learning in the same sense (cf. Sherry 1995). Remote learning has been possible thanks to digitalization (From et al. 2020). The hallmarks of distance learning are the separation of teacher and student into time and space (Perraton 1988), and a deliberate control of student learning rather than the distant instructor (cf. Jonassen & Grabowski 1993; Jonassen et al., 1999), as well as incoherent communication between students and teachers mediated through written documents or through some form of technology (Keegan 1986; Garrison & Shale 1987).
The study showed that young people’s experiences of distance learning during the COVID-19 pandemic consisted of both limiting and enabling aspects. The six themes that emerged were: 1. Remote and non-motivating distance learning, 2. Challenging to find study motivation in the home environment, 3. Inadequate or lack of communication with teachers, 4. Well-being and efficiency through distance learning, 4. Flexibility, support and consideration of students’ wishes, 5. Experience of study guidance.
The study demonstrated several enabling aspects of distance learning. Many wanted the possibility of a hybrid model of study to be arranged even after the pandemic. Some young people in this study emphasized that they experienced that their well-being was promoted because they were able to maintain their social network, spend time with family and manage their health better. It is of the utmost importance that teachers take into account that well-being is strengthened in different ways for different individuals and it is, therefore, beneficial if students have the opportunity to choose whether they would rather participate in remote teaching.
Distance learning was perceived by some of the youths as limiting because it was considered remote and non-motivating, and they felt that long lectures in front of the computer screen were tiring, and that the home environment offered many other activities that distracted learning. On the other hand, physical presence at the university could also be perceived by some young people as more stressful than distance learning, since there was more noise in the study environment, and they had to adapt more compared to studies in a home environment. Previous research has shown that distance learning also gives students the opportunity to learn at their own pace while it also contributes to reduced stress in their everyday lives (Velichová et al. 2020). It is consequential that teachers can provide space for different types of learning and arrange hybrid models where students to a greater extent can choose what suits them best. Additionally, teachers need to be able to identify, pay attention to and provide special support for those students who experience distance learning as more challenging and who may lack social support.
The study revealed that many young people found it challenging to find study motivation in a home environment. Diffuse boundaries between study and leisure made recovery difficult for them. Good routines and balanced habits with enough breaks were a significant counterbalance to the studies and could provide renewed study motivation. One negative effect of distance learning has been the students’ reduced social contact with fellow students, teachers and reduced community. Courses where teachers have used only passive learning have been shown to have negative effects on student learning as a result of decreased motivation, satisfaction and commitment. Implementing various interventions that prevent and maintain community, study motivation, a sense of belonging, and providing students with socio-emotional support while also using didactic means for teaching that support motivation and commitment, is, hence a crucial aspect when it comes to student well-being and motivation during distance learning. This study indicates that writing longer thesis work on one’s own during distance periods was perceived as challenging. Teachers dividing larger writing work into smaller parts, and arranging more joint supervision sessions online could be beneficial and increase study motivation.
The young people in this study also emphasized the value of teachers maintaining contact with the students even though they do not always make contact themselves. Communication was perceived by the young people to have deteriorated during the pandemic. In general, it was more difficult to connect with teachers, and there were less opportunities to discuss issues online. In addition, several online contact areas were desired, and it would, therefore, be useful that teachers, for instance, could expand the opportunities for discussion immediately after lectures and also enable students to socialize together via Zoom after class. Young people found it more difficult to discuss their personal well-being through digital programmes, especially in groups. Support for the personal well-being of individual students could, for that reason, be provided individually. But the first step in connecting with the student may well be arranged in a group, as it may lower the threshold for making contact when first having been given the opportunity to get to know a teacher.
Group work has become more common during the pandemic, which was perceived both positively and negatively by the young people in our study. Individual assignments had increased a great deal, while online information regarding these had deteriorated and the instructions were often unclear.
The study demonstrated that young people partly felt that the opportunity to receive study guidance had deteriorated during the pandemic period and that information regarding study guidance was deficient. The young people wanted to discuss their well-being and studies with adults other than their own teachers. They also called for study guidance in the form of group sessions, and for the study counsellor to be more in direct contact with them. In addition, it emerged that it is not optimal to ask questions about well-being via e-mail. Study guidance should be provided both individually and in groups, so that students can choose whether they wish to go alone or together with others to meet the study counsellor.
With this study, we wish to highlight the relevance of learning the lessons of the COVID-19 pandemic, given that it has changed our world and our perceptions as well as our view of how education must be designed and transformed to provide better opportunities to support young people in the face of future challenges. The study shows that it can sometimes be difficult for individual students to express their needs for support, and, consequently, it is critical that universities and teachers continue to play an active role in maintaining contact with students. It would also be essential in the future to arrange hybrid study models as a bridge between face-to-face and distance learning, where young people to a greater extent would be granted more participation by having the opportunity to choose the study model according to personal preference.
Authors:

Jessica Hemberg,
PhD in Health Sciences, PHN, RN, Associate Professor, Senior Lecturer, Department of Caring Sciences, Faculty of Education and Welfare Studies, Åbo Akademi University, Vaasa, Finland. Subject leader in pedagogical studies for teachers within Health Sciences Didactics and subject leader for leadership in health and social care. Among other projects, leader of a research project on loneliness and well-being among adolescents and young adults and of a research project on multiprofessional collaboration in a school context concerning health-promoting student care for children and youth. Other expertise areas include well-being, suffering and loneliness among older adults, ethical issues and compassion in caring as well as ethical leadership. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0829-8249
Yulia Korzhina
PhD candidate in Health Sciences, Department of Caring Sciences, Faculty of Education and Welfare Studies, Åbo Akademi University, Vaasa, Finland.
Amanda Sundqvist
PhD candidate in Health Sciences, Department of Caring Sciences, Faculty of Education and Welfare Studies, Åbo Akademi University, Vaasa, Finland.
Lillemor Östman
PhD in Health Sciences. Development leader, children and young people’s health and learning. Childcare and Education Department, Luleå Municipality, Luleå, Sweden.
Henrik Groundstroem
Licensed psychologist, Härnösand, Sweden; Research Assistant in Youth Sciences, Faculty of Education and Welfare Studies, Åbo Akademi University, Vaasa, Finland.
Lisbet Nyström
PhD, RN, Associate Professor emerita in Caring Sciences, Faculty of Education and Welfare Studies, Åbo Akademi University, Vaasa, Finland.
Pia Nyman-Kurkiala
PhD in Social Sciences, Docent in Sociology, Researcher in Social Sciences with a focus on Youth Sciences, subject leader in Youth Sciences, Faculty of Education and Welfare Studies, Åbo Akademi University, Vaasa, Finland.
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